Sunday, February 23, 2014

Ethiopia and Switzerland Tied the Knot!

Since the time I heard the news that one of our heroes, namely, Hailemedhin Abera, has “hijacked” the plane he was co-flying, Boeing 767, and landed in Geneva, I have been browsing the net to get some more information about this small land-locked European nation, Switzerland. Then, though the case of this young co-pilot is not yet made public to the media, and though I should wait for some time to have a clearer picture about  the  motive(s)  of  this  dynamic  citizen  of  our  country  from  the  horse’s  mouth,  I  just  went  off  my patience and wrote this letter taking into account the empirical conditions of my country and the information I gleaned from Ethiopian opposition media outlets, the pilot’s family, and his workmates. And I pray to God to have at least one Swiss official who would read and take heed of what I say here now. I speak my mind; if there is no human listener, the air, the soil, and the water will be listening to our grievances, and at the end of the day, God will judge us all according to our actions, reactions, or inactions. It is therefore much better to listen to and have empathy with others’ griefs, generally as a human being and particularly as an Ethiopian, if you are one.

The Journey of Apartheid from South Africa to Ethiopia

     Ethiopia  is  a  multi-ethnic  state  located  in  the  horn  of  Africa.  She  is  estimated  to have  about  90 millions  of  people  with  a  diversity  of  religions  and  cultures.  But  all  these  people  have  many  things  in common as Ethiopians; they share communal ethical and moral values, they used to live under the same flag and  national  anthem,  they  have  the same  color and  similar psychological  makeup,  etc. This  has  been  true especially up until 1991 before the apartheid system was in place in May, 1991. The apartheid we have is something to be cited as the first of its kind which has never been observed in any country in the world.
      In 1990, the Apartheid System was chased out of South Africa. That apartheid was officially declared in  1948  to  segregate  the  black  majority  from  the  benefits  of  South  Africa.  Following  that  declaration,  the white minorities were situated on top of every privilege in that country while on the other hand the majority of the black population was doomed to every sort of suffering and poverty. In this great historical event of removing  apartheid,  at  least  from  serving  as  state  machinery,  two  world  class  citizens  are  always  in  our mind: Nelson R. Mandela and F.W. de klerk. These selfless individuals will remain alive in history. But on the  regretful  contrary,  that  apartheid  was  immigrated  to  Ethiopia  and  made  the  policy  of  the  ethnocentric junta which seized the political power immediately after the central dictatorial government was toppled by popular uprising mainly led by EPLF and TPLF in 1991. The very fact that the apartheid which was driven out of the country of Nelson Mandela was accepted as a state policy in Ethiopia remains to be an irony of history. This is so because Nelson Mandela was here in Ethiopia for some assistance by the then government and he used to love this country for her successful anti colonial movement; as a matter of historic enigma, the fugitive apartheid run out of Mandela’s country and freely entered Ethiopia, perhaps the only country which staunchly fought it and served as sanctuary to ANC members in the time of the struggle. This reality is what makes this case astoundingly peculiar in the history of mankind. To your surprise, there is no apartheid now on earth other than Ethiopia. As of the time apartheid was happily entertained by the ethnic junta of TPLF (By the way, this junta has a baptismal fake name known as ‘EPRDF’.), Ethiopia and the majority of non- Tigrian Ethiopians have been under the tyranny of this apartheid which was applied amongst people of same color and some other basic common backgrounds, such as religion and culture.
      Ethiopia has over 80 languages; amongst these Amharic, Oromifa, and Tigrigna are the most prominent ones. Amharic has been and still is the working language of the so called federal government of Ethiopia  [N.B. The  TPLF’s  ‘federation’ and ‘democracy’ are  absolutely  fictitious  and  a  make-believe  to deceive donors and creditors. To whichever “regional state” you may go, the key statespersons who decide  not  only  of  the  fate  of  the  regional  budget  but  also  that  of  the  job  description  of  the  so  called  regional officials are TPLFites. Regional officials have almost nothing to do with respect to the people they claim to represent more than playing the role of toothless dogs to bark at their subjects and the opposition when they are ordered; they are simple guards who are there to only protect the overall well being of their masters. Theyare illiterates most of whose educational qualification is not higher than junior secondary.]
      As of 1991, Ethiopia has been led by TPLF (Tigrian People’s Liberation Front), which is a distraction of a nationality whose population is only 6%; due to the regime’s discriminatory intervention in the current demography, this percentage might be influenced and may be a little bit higher than 6% now. [For example and to your surprise, TPLF allots a big sum of budget and arranges various facilities to Tigray to have more children while on the other hand, aside from punishing the region with deep-rooted poverty and substandard education,  TPLF’s ethnocentric  junta ‘budgets’  injections  of deadly  viruses  such as  HIV and  other killing agents in areas of the Amharas to minimize or if possible to gradually wipe out the population. According to its former members and its political program as well, TPLF had long ago abeled the Amharas as enemies of its  core  diabolic  values,  which  are  intrinsically  anti-Ethiopian.]  It  is  this  narrow-minded  distraction  of  the Tigray region that millions of Ethiopians are accusing it of the destruction of the entire nation. Followed by a significant  number  of  greed  and  hatred  laden  emotional  Tigrians,  this  TPLF  is  absolutely  destabilizing Ethiopia and as a result the country along with her citizens is being changed into nothingness in all aspects.
    Though there are many gullible idiots and morons from other ethnics such as from the Amharas and Oromos or Wolaitas, who blindly obey TPLF, just for the sake of filling their elastic tummies, it is a public secret  that  almost  all  economic  sectors  and  the  politics  in  general  is  held  by  these  anti-Ethiopia  group  of people.  Nonetheless,  albeit  these TPLFites  have  infested  all  Ethiopia  in  all  denotative  and  connotative meanings of the term infestation, be it militarily or economically, or what have you, we are pretty sure that the majority of Tigrians are under the same yoke of oppression and anybody is wrong if they blame the entire population of Tigray as an accomplice to the crime TPLF is committing. In regard to officialdom, leave alone thousands of human locust, even a swarm of 100 officials is a big number to plunder a great city like Addis Ababa and its environs protected by a network of sophisticated security and intelligence services. Therefore, though the multitude of Tigrians in all offices and institutions seems undoubtedly high, we have to bear in mind  that  the  majority  of  Tigrians  in  Tigray  and  elsewhere  are  oppressed  like  us,  non-Tigrians.  It  is  also worth mentioning here that the fact that this multitude of the Tigrian swarm of woyanes is mainly accompanied  by  incompetence,  lowest  level  of  educational  and  experiential  backgrounds,  and  mere  ethnic attraction is tragically exacerbating the cleavage believed to  exist between TPLF  and [other] Ethiopians.  I have no intention of inciting oxymoronic feeling in my readers’ mind. If you sense it somehow, it is not I who  has  created  it;  it  is  the  situation  itself  that  has  called  for.  Clear?  Puzzling  real  situations  may  create unintended sentiments in certain conditions. Yes, Tigrians are oppressors, and at the same time, Tigrians are oppressed. It is true that both statements are undeniably true. Paradoxical stuff, just a kind of “የሞተው ወንድምሽ የገደለው ባልሽ፤ ሀዘንሽ ቅጥ አጣ ከቤትሽም አልወጣ”. Both the defendant and the plaintiff live under the same roof.
       Everything  in  Ethiopia  is  under  the  control  of  the  leaders  of  this  apartheid  system,  the  TPLFites’ system of segregation. We sometimes get forced to believe that what is, is not; and what is not, is. In light of this, TPLFites are few but billions; they are weak but strongest; they are religious but atheists; they are here but there; they are old but young; they are poor but rich; they are everything but nothing. They are with us but not at all. And most of all, money matters, you see. With the fulcrum of money you are somebody but as the same time you are nobody too. It depends. Depends on what? Money? Time? Luck or chance? Opportunity? Conscience? Consciousness? Conscientiousness? Please do some  SWOT analysis....
        Money  changes  mountains  to  plains.  Money  changes  plains  to  mountains.  Everything  depends  on what we think and what we believe in; we shouldn’t always forget the place of this manmade MONEY in every walk of life. Misused, alas! Properly used, nice to all! That is why TPLF is great but riffraff; gigantic but minute; elegant but amorphous; dead but alive; liar but truthful. If the role of money were limited to the level of the sober consciousness one might have, the shape of this world would most probably have seemed different; I know if clauses are obsolete or nonexistent in politics and only the objective reality works there or here wherever you stand upright.
       These  people,  the TPLFites,  know nothing  about  law  and  rule.  As usual,  they  always  apply  jungle law; they are people of revenge. Just one example:- they have vowed to eliminate one of Ethiopia’s nationalities, namely, the Amhara, from the surface of the earth and they use everything to implement this agenda,  as  mentioned  a  bit  earlier  in  this  letter.  To  implement  this  motive,  they  go  to  the  extent  of  man slaughtering even liberal Tigrians with whom or about whom they fought the previous regime, which used to bestow upon us an equal right to die or get imprisoned irrespective of who we were ethnically or otherwise.

The Days of Apartheid in Ethiopia are coming to their closure

It  is  in  this  critical  time  of  the  Ethiopian  history  that  Hailemedhin  Abera  has  taken  one  drastic measure  to show  the  world that  Ethiopia  needs attention. If  a  Hailemedhin with a gut to oppose  the aforementioned suffering of the people exists in Ethiopia, this time is verily perfect and he should come out of  his  blanket  of  fear  to  wage  the  fight  in  any  means  available.  This  Hailemedhin  did  it!  Congratulations Hailemedhin and his proudest family! Congratulations millions of Ethiopians who are leading miserable life in the Diaspora due to the hellish government at home! Currently, this young pilot has become focal point all over the world; this is one of his main purposes. But not the major one! Hailemedhin is said to be leading luxurious life in his country with a fairly reasonable salary along with the background of a well to do family. What he did is something to be given from the Almighty, not of terrestrial, dear guys. We know that many poor fellow like me tend to be clever in committing suicide but are afraid of even speaking a word to demand their rights; we are living in a comic world. But look this lad; he consciously and proudly forsook his daily comfort for the sake of his people. That is why I believe in the general truth that genuinely struggling for the benefit and well being of others is a Godsend glory which gives spiritual gratification to the person involved. Hailemedhin  triumphed! But  let’s  not  forget  that  there  are  obstacles  for  every  path  of  glorification  or salvation. ‘There is no free lunch’. Hailemedhin knows this; what he did is well thought and well meditated.
Whoever  says  what,  this  young  pilot  is  too  healthy  to  be  sick  and  risk  his  life  as  well  as  his profession; he is too healthy to realize what the consequence of his attempt would result in. He is too aware to apprehend the fruits of his heroism. He was first an outstanding student and later very diligent staffer of the Ethiopian Airlines. He can’t miscalculate the outcome of his sacrifice. He knows the role of individuals in freedom fighting. He remembers what Abebe Gelaw did some two years back in the US; Abebe Gelaw was not, and still is not,  mad when he nearly killed the monster, Meles Zenawi, with a bombardment of his voice saying “Meles Zenawi is a dictator! We need freedom more than food!...” in front of world leaders, peace be upon them, dear our redeemers, at the UN Hall. Hailemedhin recalls what the Ethiopian version of Mohammad  Buoaziz,  Instructor  Yenesew  Gebre  and  some  others  did  through  immolation  to  convey  their message  of  “enough  is  enough!”. He  knows  what  Mekonen  Tesfaye  of  Legetafo  district  is  doing  now  to expose  the  illegal  land  grab  in  that  locality.  He  remembers  what  Assefa  Maru  did  some  years  back.  He knows the historical martyrdom of the renowned surgeon, Professor Asrat W/yes. He knows the sacrifice of Eskinder Nega, Re’eiot Alemu, Andualem Aragie et al. Our hero knows all these and other sacrifices taken individually. Citizens take various steps to show their solidarity with  real or imagined freedom fighters or just  to  expose  the  tyranny  of  leaders  in  their  countries.  At  times,  like  what  Hailemedhin  did,  they  may astonishingly  devise  newest  strategies  for  this  same  purpose.  To  me,  this  is  so  smartly  fruitful  and  the sacrifice is less precarious when compared with, say, organizing hundreds of demonstrations in Ethiopia or worldwide to expose the apartheid installed in Ethiopia. People  mentioned  herein  are  all  sane  and  nearly  without  any  problem  of  survival;  they  have/had enough food to eat, shelter to live in, and beautiful clothing to hide under. But, be it the dead or the living, they all have been sparing their lives for the freedom of the suppressed people and for the emergence of real democracy in their country. Leaving aside his personal comfort and more secured economic life, this young pilot has devoted even his life to his people and this action automatically makes him an Abebe Gelaw or a Zeray  Deres  in  Ethiopian  history.  He  is  an  oasis  in  the  wilderness,  a  torch  in  the  darkness,  a  John  who harbingers the nearing of resurrection, a hope and a practical response to the “what shall I do to my country?” people of the confused state of mind, a Mandela in time of apartheidal regime where millions are willy-nilly fallen under untold barbarianism; he has attained a quasi highest form of self-actualization. He knows what he has done and  where  he has done it. He knows Switzerland; the Switzerland we  all  know as a token of peaceful  co-existence  among  many  cultures  and  languages  and  a  residence  of  hundreds  of  international organizations. He believes this country would understand his benign purpose of fighting for the oppressed people. He knows this small country would seriously hear his pleading and would responsibly react to give him fairest justice. He had about 200 options to land his plane; but he chose Switzerland. He only knows why he chose the best of his choices. We can only guess. Despite the fact that billions of dollars, dollars of mostly corruptible citizens from all over the world, especially from the so called developing countries, are siphoned to this country and serve criminals as a safe haven to hide their blood money, on the brightest side of this small  nation,  we  believe  that  Hailemedhin  would  be  treated  as  a  human  being  unlike  the  case  in  his  own country. After all, to my understanding, his action may need a new definition in the realm of law, for I do not think there is one to deal with such incident. A pilot can’t logically hijack his own plane as a president or prime minister of a nation cannot do so and flee out of his country, as in the case of Mengistu H/Mariam.
Undoubtedly,  the  case  of  Hailemedhin  is  very  unique  and  clearly  indicates  that  the  oppression  in Ethiopia  is  beyond  imagination.  Hence,  this  effort  of  the  pilot  should  be  supported  by  the  peace  loving citizens of the world. His action should be appreciated and rewarded rather, for every international organization and civic society that work on human rights violations is currently witnessing the atrocities the TPLF junta is inflicting upon  Ethiopians. In this regard, if the Swiss try to do anything that may even slightly harm this young pilot, physically or psychologically, which I don’t expect so, all Ethiopians would burst into tears. This young man is shouldering the burden of nearly 100 million people. He is our messiah who has given us all what he has. He has beloved families, beloved friends, beloved fiancée, and an envying mode of modern life with his peers at home. He closed all these files for the sake of us. He is bartering others’ pain with his luxury. He is the vicar of millions of oppressed people at home.  He is amongst the chosen ones.
Ethiopians have been suffering in and out of their country for the past 23 years since the coming into power of TPLF. Europeans may not properly understand the meaning of the word “suffering” as they usually fail to understand the words hunger and famine (starvation) in African and European contexts. I think such contextual differences are big linguistic barriers in creating mutual understanding between the haves and the have-nots  everywhere,  especially  between  the  west  and  the  people  of  the  inferno,  such  as  Africans.  A
European little kid may say “I am starved, mum.” If this kid says this to his mum, what should an Ethiopian little kid, a kid from one of the poorest families who has never eaten anything for two or three consecutive days, say to his mum? It is a matter of relativity. Anyways, the suffering inflicted upon Ethiopians by TPLF is beyond the comprehending capability of both the civilized and the ‘uncivilized’ people of the world. Come and visit us; through time, we are alchemically changed into speaking animals that are forced to endure every sort of TPLFite tyranny. Therefore, anyone who tries to expose this severe suppression and inhuman
subjugation,  in  any  way  possible,  deserves  the  highest  reward  even  the  Nobel  Prize,  if  that  prize  would include  Ethiopians’  interests.  Thank  you  HAILEMEDHIN!  Thank  you  the  womb  that  has  given  us  this precious son! Thank you the loins which had resulted in this man of outstanding caliber.
Last time, Ethiopians in some Arab countries especially in Saudi Arabia faced genocidal massacre. That incident was not given due attention by the so called main stream media such as the CNN and BBC. That stupidity of the ‘civilized’ media institutions indicated the fact that those Ethiopians were not humans!st In the 21 century, if citizens in Ethiopia or Ethiopians anywhere die in thousands and zillions, their souls are considered  as  the  souls  of  rats  and  cats  due  to  maybe  they  are  blacks  or  maybe  they  are  insignificant creatures in terms of making news headlines. Who stands for the poor and the destitute other than their God? What a worrying state of human mental development? If TPLF kills hundreds of thousands of Ethiopians, the CNN and the likes, even Aljazeera, do not care. They rather care if the bitch of the queen of Great Britain or the cat of the king of KSA gives birth for three beautiful puppies or kittens, respectively. It is a miracle, isn’t it guys? When barbarian Arabs are beheading Ethiopians, when seven gangsters in the Sudan or elsewhere rape an Ethiopian and upon application of this felony by the victim to authorities the court decides that the victim  is  adulterer  and  hence  should  be  stoned,  it  is  not  worth  of  mentioning  to  the  world.  What  kind  of craziness is this! Currently, an Ethiopian woman is feared to have a death sentence via stoning for her “crime of being kidnapped and raped” by some Sudanese gangsters; laugh openly guys at this astonishingly greatest level of human ‘wisdom’! By the way, the best panacea I depend on most is that there is death eventually to every stupid citizen like myself. This consoles me a lot. Let’s thanks Mr. Death, please. …
When a Boeing 767 was rightly redirected by our hero to Geneva, all media gave it their prime time, because  there  were  about  140  white  people  on  board;  and maybe  the  captain  was  white;  and  perhaps  the plane itself was white, I mean, not only of its body paint, but also it is made by the Boeing Company; and maybe it was flying in the skies of the white people, sorry for my idiocy to have followed the track of TPLF and its mentors or tutors, if you will. What is the role of our conscience then? Where has humanity gone? Where are the so  called  moral values such as sympathy, empathy, altruism, etiquette, courtesy,  etc. of the civilized world? Where is the trust in God? After all what is the definition of man? What is the color, the sex, the religion, the height, the nationality, etc. of God? Where is His country? From which tribe is He? What is the favorite food, drink, hobby, etc. of the true God we claim to trust or believe in? What do black, white, and  yellow  mean?  What  do  they  have  in  common?  Please  guys,  let’s  mind  our  commonalities  and  be considerate of each other. Racism is a disease. Ethnocentrism is an incurable illness from which millions of people are suffering and millions of others are fatally affected.
I believe the mind of Hailemedhin has calculated all the aforementioned loopholes in the mainstream media. He probably knows the flesh and soul of an Ethiopian is considered as a flesh and soul of an ordinary animal in the eyes of the orientals or occidentals. And I believe that he well knows the apartheid imposed on his country would get due global attention if he takes this conspicuous action, an action that can surpass the veils of racism and any western hypocrisy. He knows no media can purposely shun this news, a gnamachoma news in Kiswahili to mean a salivating superb news. Yea, it is the negligence by the international community of Ethiopia that has motivated this young Ethiopian to take this courageous action.
This is just the beginning of the end. You will see more other miracles will come soon. Remember my article I wrote last week. Though some may refute all or part of the ideas in my articles due to various reasons, some of which are not unexpected, the time for Ethiopia is coming in an unpreventable manner. Please read my article entitled, “The Greediest Nature of the Sudanese Government”. Write the title on the URL and google it; the only charge you are humbly requested is just about ten minutes from your biological age, the age you cannot stop it from ticking on microsecond basis! God bless Ethiopia and the world.

MOTHER  ETHIOPIA  IS  NOT  STERILE;  SHE  WILL  GIVE  BIRTH  TO  LOTS  OF  GALLANTCITIZENS WHO WILL LIBERATE US FROM THE SINISTER APARTHEID REGIME WE ARE IN!

By Netsanet Zeleke (Addis Ababa)

Wednesday, February 19, 2014

Ethiopian (Woyane) Airlines hijacked.


Ethiopian (Woyane) Airlines hijacked. By Yilma Bekele

The Name is Ethiopian but that particular property belongs to our Woyane masters. It is there for the TPLF to do what it wants. It started with such promise and grew up to be such a proud achievement by both people and country. That is until Woyane showed up.

That promise of building an organization that belongs to us all was nipped in the bud by Meles Ashebari Zenawi and friends. Like all other institutions, Ethiopian Airlines was absorbed by the TPLF mafia and molded in its own image. Like most other institutions created by earlier generations that the TPLF inherited, the first order of business was to clean house in the name of re organization and install cadres from one tribe.

Public institutions and public corporations including Commercial bank of Ethiopia, Addis Abeba University and all its campuses, Publishing houses and plenty of others became the playground of Woyane cadres. EAL was not spared from this humiliation.

The current news has to be seen in that context. It is definitely the first time an international carrier jet has been hijacked by its own crew member. Answering ‘why’ is not a simple matter. The act by the co-pilot is intertwined with all that what is wrong with our country. It is the crystallization of all our woes in one neat package.

The alleged hijacker is reported to be in his early 30’s. To be a co pilot of a commercial jet is a big deal. It is a huge accomplishment. What sort of circumstances forces such a person to commit a crime with harsh penalties is what we should try to answer.

It is the kind of act that results from the pressure of living under a totalitarian government. A place where your employer owns you body and soul and where one is constantly reminded of his disposability on a daily basis one comes to a point where there is nothing to live and hope for? It is reported that the alleged hijacker has been an employee for five years. It is enough time for the person to know the inner working of the organization he is part of. From his current decision it is obvious that he did not agree with or like what he saw.

Some would say why did not just leave? That is one option. He must have gone to pilot school for a few years to get his certification. Of course he must have flown hundreds of hours to be promoted and occupy a co pilot seat of a big jumbo jet. If he is in his early thirties flying has occupied most of his life. With such professional resume why didn’t he just leave and get a job somewhere else is a good question.

May be he heard the fate of technicians that used to work for EAL but were offered a job by foreign carriers and were prevented from leaving by Immigration after EAL passed their names. Even if he managed to leave it is doubtful EAL will give him any reference let alone a positive one. The only option was to submit and humiliate oneself.

Yes, there is more to the story. The co pilot could be a patriotic Ethiopian that is able to see the degradation of his country and people and vowed to do something about it. Some one that decided a bold action is called for to show the unbearable situation our people are put thru and called TPLF out in a very loud manner. We are a very quiet and reserved people. We like to hush hush problems and sweep all that we do not want to see under the rug. Our co-pilot is rocking the boat. He exposed the ethnic regime for what it is – a place where such a young professional person does not feel free to leave his life in peace.

The American whistleblower Edward Snowden sacrificed so much to protect freedom and privacy and it looks to me our young co-pilot has sacrificed so much and faces a very uncertain future but showed the world how much the situation in Ethiopia has deteriorated. Whether he meant to or not is not the question. What the world is now talking about is how repressive and closed Ethiopia is. It makes the Western enablers work of propping up the minority regime a little difficult. It also makes it easy for our supporters in the European Union and the US Senate to show the other face of Ethiopia removed from Woyane pie in sky propaganda.

Situations like this are very revealing moment about the people in power. They often forget that they are accountable for their actions and words. In Ethiopia they control the means of communications. They are free to change the story from one day to the next and they make sure no one challenges their spin. It is different in the West. It was a little disorienting to see Ato Redwan Hussein with the title of ‘Government Spokesman’ answering questions regarding the incident. He is reported by Reuters to have said:

 ‘the flight has made a scheduled stop in the Sudanese capital, Khartoum, where the hijacker or hijackers might have boarded the plane.’

ESAT carried an interview with a female passenger that boarded in Addis and deplaned in Rome. According to her it was a direct flight from Addis to Rome and continued to Milan. The hijacking took place between Milan and Rome and the plane was redirected to Geneva. How could a Government Spokesman make such a false statement in front of the media says a lot about our country. It is because it has always came very easy for Woyane officials and their underlings to tell a story any way they wish since it can always be altered and retold tomorrow.

We are relieved no one was hurt. We hope Swiss officials would take the political nature of his desperate act when they try his case. In most Ethiopian’s opinion, at least those around me he succeeded in showing the desperate situation the Human Right situation is in Ethiopia. The government in power is terrified of the people and resorting to criminal methods to instill fear and such bold acts by individuals like the brave co-pilot draw attention to our country and the dire situation.

There are hundreds that die in Somalia, Red Sea, Yemen, southern Africa and many other places fleeing Ethiopia for a better life. They appear just as numbers in UN statistics. The world might think of them as numbers but they are real and important to their family. Our young and educated are migrating out at an alarming rate. The co pilot’s action is a wake up cry for us the stake holders to wake up and pay attention.

By Yilma Bekele

Sunday, February 16, 2014

What Is Truth?

Truth, error and faith. Any idea, no matter how far-fetched, contains some objective content. Then are mermaids, witches and devils images of truth? The metaphysically-minded materialists, who interpret reflection one-sidedly, deny that there is any reflection of reality in error. Religious conscious ness, for example, is regarded as completely void of any objective content. But the history of humanity's search for knowledge shows that error does reflect, admittedly one sidedly, objective reality, that it has its

source in reality, has an "earthly" foundation. There is not and cannot be any absolute error which reflects absolutely nothing. Even the delirium of the insane is a reflection of something. In all the above cases there are threads of objective reality, woven into fantastic patterns by the force of imagination. Taken in their entirety, these images do not add up to something true. Far from every phenomenon of consciousness possesses the same degree of veracity. But humankind lives and progresses not because its consciousness is cluttered with error, blind faith and falsehood, but because that consciousness also contains true knowledge. If cognition had not been, from the very beginning, a more or less accurate reflection of reality, man would never have been able to transform his environment creatively or even to adapt himself to it. The very fact of man's existence, the history of science and practice prove the truth of this assertion. This is not to say, of course, that human knowledge is not prone to error. In acquiring the ability to think abstractly and imagine productively, which has taken us far beyond the confines of what is given by the senses, people have earned the privilege of making mistakes and being carried away by all kinds of nonsense.

Animals are incapable of abstract thought but they do not make the same mistakes as man, who has evolved a whole world of fantastic, fairy-tale images, unbelievably bizzare, gorgeously beautiful or hideously grotesque.

Error is an idea or a combination of ideas and images that arise in the mind of the individual or society and do not correspond to reality but are regarded as true. This definition of error follows logically from that of cognition as the reflection of reality. Error is honest untruth. Unlike error, falsehood or deception is dishonest untruth. A person knows that a certain idea is untrue but for some reason or other he presents it as true. The person who makes a mistake leads others into error because he himself has erred. The liar, on the other hand, while deceiving others, is not himself deceived. Falsehood speaks of something that exists as non-existent and of the non-existent as existing. But truth has a force that the lie lacks: the latter is usually exposed in the long run. Someone has said that a lie is rather like spitting against the wind; the spit is bound to fly in the liar's face. Error should be distinguished from the mistake that is the result of incorrect practical or mental activiity, evoked by purely accidental, personal causes. It is commonly believed that errors are annoying accidents. But they have relentlessly pursued knowledge throughout history, they are a kind of penalty that humanity has to pay for its daring attempts to know more than is permitted by the level of practice and the scope of theoretical thought. The ancients saw the source of error either in the natural imperfection of our cognitive abilities, in the limitations of sensuous and rational knowledge, in lack of education, or a combination of all these factors.

The philosophy of modern times sometimes regards error as the distorting influence of emotion or will on human reason. Error is rooted in the social conditions of man's existence and in the nature of his mind, which may be compared to a mirror with an uneven surface that mingles its own imperfection with the image of the thing reflected. Thinkers have seen the source of error in free will and insufficient knowledge. According to Kant, the source of error lies in the fundamentally unjustifiable emergence of human consciousness beyond the bounds of possible personal experience in·to the objective world for itself, or in violation of the logical rules of thought.

Error is a historically conditioned, and therefore constantly overcome, discrepancy between knowledge and the object of knowledge. It expresses theoretically the limitedness of people's actual power over nature and their own relations, and results from the constant urge to overcome the limitations of existing knowledge and practice. Truth is a complex, contradictory process in which error is constantly overcome through the development of knowledge, while truth itself becomes increasingly complete and profound. People themselves are to blame for their errors, although the latter are by no means an inherent, immanent feature of human nature, but only a transient possibility realised on the basis of certain historical conditions.

By its very nature scientific cognition is impossible without a clash of different views, a struggle of beliefs, without discussion; it is therefore impossible without error. Only those who do nothing or who constantly repeat platitudes make no mistakes. Numerous opinions may be advanced on a certain question and quite often not one of them is correct. Every scientific discovery usually entails numerous errors, which are stages in the development of truth, as illustrated by the common expression "learning from one's mistakes". If the doors are locked to error, truth cannot enter the mind either. This is not to say, however, that one should look pessimistically on cognition as an endless groping among figments of the imagination. Errors are removed or gradually overcome, and truth, though sometimes badly wounded, fights its way through to the light. "One may have the desire not to burden oneself with the negative as something false, one may demand to be brought at once to the truth. Why should one become involved with what is false?... This notion is one of the biggest obstacles to truth.... Truth is not a stamped coin which can be supplied ready-made...."[1]

How many cases have there been in science when under certain conditions error proved to be truth and truth error! Even legends and fairy-tales come true in the course of time. For example, when the ancients began to describe atoms they made a tremendous discovery and at the same time became victims of error. They called particles of matter atoms because they considered them to be indivisible. They were right and wrong at the same time. Humanity has achieved its present level of culture not because of error but despite it. Attainment of truth is the prime task of science.

Truth is the true reflection of reality in the consciousness, the reflection of reality as it exists for itself, independently of the will and consciousness of people.

Closely connected with truth and error is the concept of faith, which ordinary consciousness often associates with the meaning it has been given in religion. In the broad philosophic al sense faith should be understood as an individual's profound conviction of the correctness of his actions, thoughts or ideals. And this conviction may have a generic or a derivative character. As something generic, faith may be just blind everyday superstition or it may simply be a confidence in science, scientists and so on. As something derivative, faith is scientifically grounded, authentic knowledge and in this sense it is based on truth. Faith may be true, but this principle is not reversible.

The concept of truth is linked with the moral concepts of honesty and sincerity. Truth is the aim of science and honesty is the ideal of moral motivation. Fruitful studies in science and philosophy are impossible where fear of the consequences of thinking is stronger than the love of truth. Truth is authenticated knowledge and knowledge is strength, the greatest strength of all. It cannot be destroyed by prisons, penal servitude, the gallows, the guillotine, or the stake. The burning bush of truth will never burn out. Giordano Bruno died at the stake in the Campo dei Fiori in Rome as a martyr to scientific truth. His body perished in the flames but truth remained, it was indestructible. Although the great majority, misled by all kinds of false arguments, may be against it, truth is bound sooner or later to win through. An ardent and selfless love of truth is often to be found in individuals who are richly endowed morally as well as intellectually.

The objective content of true knowledge. All truth is objective: its content does not depend on the subject, his intentions or will. A correct answer to the question, "What is truth?" presupposes recognition of the fact that outside our consciousness there exists an infinite world developing according to objective laws. Truth is the accurate reflection of the object in the consciousness of the subject. Authenticity is the mode of existence of truth.

Since it is the correct reflection of the object, truth always has objective content. If we conceive ideas that have no correspondence in reality, it is clear that these concepts have nothing to do with truth and cannot therefore stand up to the test of practice.

Any truth is objective. There is no such thing as unobjective truth. Subjective truth is merely an individual's opinion. So the definition that we have given of truth is at the same time a definition of objective truth. Truth is not reality itself but the objective content of the results of cognition. Its content does not depend on the will, desire, passion or imagination of human beings. Only objective knowledge corresponding to the essence of things themselves allows the individual and society to control natural and social processes; one can control the forces of nature and society only by obeying their objective laws.

Can there be several true statements about one and the same phenomenon in one and the same relation? There may be many opinions but there can be only one truth!

Truth as a process. The relativity of truth. The principle of correspondence. The statement that the world is knowable does not mean that an object is revealed to the subject, the knower, at once in all its attributes and relations. Our life is not a placid existence in the lap of truth but a restless and constant search for its acquisition. Science is not a stockpile of ready-made and all-embracing verities but a process of finding them, of moving from limited, approximate knowledge to knowledge that becomes ever more embracing, profound and precise. This process has no limit. The ideas of finite and immutable truth are illusions that have nothing to do with true science. The mental vision of the scientist is always an incomplete picture. Some things are well known and have become trivial, others are not quite comprehensible, others doubtful, others insufficiently proven, others contradict new facts, and others are entirely problematic.

When we try to understand a certain object, we have to reckon with its inexhaustibility and tendency to change. Every object has a vast number of properties and enters into countless relations with other objects. It would take a very long time to know these properties and relations. In the history of science we find many cases when scientists agreed that all the properties of an object had been established, only to discover later that it had other properties besides. Water, for instance, was considered to have been studied inside out. But science then discovered something called "heavy water", with properties hitherto unsuspected. Recent research has shown that a number of the peculiarities and states of water depend on the influence of outer space. And the problem of the distribution, role and specific properties of water in the universe still awaits a satisfactory solution.

As proven knowledge increases, the circle of probable knowledge also expands. We are still able to grasp only a little of the boundless mystery-story of existence.

Truth is relative inasmuch as it reflects an object not exhaustively but within certain limits, certain relations, which are constantly changing. Relative truth is limited true know ledge about something.
Scientific knowledge, even the most authentic and precise, is relative in character. The relativity of knowledge lies in its inevitable incompleteness and probabilistic nature. For example, our knowledge of the atom, molecule, electron, living cell, organism, man himself, no matter how profound, is only partial, it gives an incomplete reflection of the properties and essence of these objects. Truth is historical. In this sense it is a child of the epoch. It is in the nature of truth that it breaks through when its time comes.

The people of every epoch cherish the illusion that at long last, thanks to the strenuous efforts of previous generations and their contemporaries the promised land of truth has been achieved and thought has reached a peak beyond which it can climb no further. But time passes and they find that this was not the summit but only a small hillock, which is often either trampled down or at best used as a base for further, endless ascent. The mountain of knowledge has no summit. Each subsequent theory is more complete and profound than its predecessor. Moreover, new scientific truths do not throw "old" truths on the scrapheap of history, but supplement them, concretise them or embrace them as necessary elements in more general and profound verities. The whole rational content of previous theory becomes part of the new theory that succeeds it. Science throws out only the claim that it was exhaustive. Previous theory is interpreted in the new theory as relative truth and thus as a specific case of a fuller and more accurate theory (Newton's classical mechanics, for example, and Einstein's theory of relativity). Such a relation ship between theories in their historical development is known in science as the correspondence principle, according to which theories whose correctness for one or another sphere of phenomena has been tested by practice, by experiment are not dismissed as false upon the appearance of new, more general theories, but retain their significance for the previous sphere, as a particular case of the new theory. This principle rests on the fact that relative truth is objective truth. When speaking of the relative character of truth, one must bear in mind that this refers to truths in the sphere of scientific theory and not to the empirical stating of facts. Our knowledge of empirical facts may be true or untrue. But it cannot be relatively true. A court of law, for example, has no right to punish a person unless the case is completely proved against him. No judge has a right to say: "The accused may or may not have committed a crime, but let's punish him just in case."

The absolute in truth. By absolute truth one means exhaustive, maximum knowledge of the world as a whole, full realisation of all the potentials of human reason, the achievement of frontiers beyond which there is nothing worth knowing. Is this possible? In principle, yes. In reality the process of cognition is carried on by succeeding generations, who think very restrictedly and only in terms of the given level of development of their culture. Absolute knowledge is therefore only an aim for which science strives and to which the road is endless. Complete knowledge does not exist; we can only approach it, as we do to the speed of light.

The development of science is a series of consecutive approximations to absolute truth, of which each is more precise than its predecessor.

Absolute truths are those which, having been once stated with complete clarity and authenticity, do not encounter any further counter-arguments. In this sense an absolute truth is a reflection of a thing that remains true under all conditions of its existence. Such absolute truths are represented in science by such statements as "Nothing in the universe is created out of nothing and nothing disappears without a trace" or "The Earth revolves around the Sun". These are old truths and general ones, but they have not ceased to be true. Fully authenticated facts, the dates of events, of births and deaths and the like, are also ranked as absolute truth. But these truths are ordinary trivial statements.

The term "absolute" is also used of any relative truth in the sense that if it is objective it must contain something absolute as one of its elements. Absolute truth is a piece of knowledge that is not refuted by the subsequent development of science but enriched and constantly reaffirmed by life.

Humanity seeks full knowledge of the world. And although it will never attain such knowledge, it is constantly approach ing it and every step in that direction, although relative, contains something absolute. Taken as a whole, our knowledge of nature and the history of society is not complete, but it contains many grains of the absolute. The development of any truth is an accumulation of moments of the absolute.
Science commands not only absolute truths but also and to a greater degree, relative truths. The absolute is the sum-total of relative moments in truth. Every stage in the development of science adds further grains of truth to this total.

It may be said that any truth is both absolute and relative. In human knowledge taken as a whole the specific gravity of the absolute in truth is constantly increasing.

The concreteness of truth. One of the basic principles of the dialectical approach to knowledge is recognition of the concreteness of truth. Recognition of this principle means approaching truth not abstractly but in connection with real conditions. The concreteness of truth means that we must pinpoint the decisive concrete historical conditions in which the object of cognition exists and identify the essential properties, relations and basic tendencies of its development. Concreteness is the real connection and interaction of all aspects of the object, knowledge of it in all the wealth of its interactions. A statement about an object is true if it exactly reflects the object in the stated conditions; different conditions require a different statement. A true reflection of one moment of reality may become false if it is divorced from its context, from certain conditions of place, time and its role in the composition of the whole. For example, a physical organ cannot be comprehended without an understanding of the organism, an individual cannot be comprehended without understanding of society, and a historically concrete society at that, and outside the context of his specific biography. The statement "water boils at 1000 C,, is true if we are speaking of ordinary water at normal pressure. It is not true if we are referring to "heavy water" or if we change the pressure.
Every object has general features and also its specific qualities, its unique "context of life". So besides a general approach, one must also have a concrete approach to an object in accordance with the principle: truth is never abstract, always concrete. Are the principles of classical mechanics true, for example? Yes, they are, if applied to macrobodies and to relatively low velocities.
For one and the same process truth cannot be eternal, given once and for all. The process itself develops, the conditions in which it proceeds change, and the truth that reflects it undergoes modifications. What was truth in certain conditions may become untrue in others.

Since every given truth is incomplete, it is quite justifiable to ask about any theory or idea: to what degree of accuracy does it reflect the object? Because of this incompleteness the application of any given truth is limited. And if one takes any truth "too far", extends it beyond its frame of reference, it can be reduced to absurdity.
The principle of the concreteness of truth means that we must approach facts not with general formulas and schemata, but with maximum consideration of the decisive conditions, and this is totally incompatible with dogmatism.
The criteria of truth. What guarantee have we of any truth in our knowledge? What forms the basis for distinguishing truth from error, from lies and mistakes? In other words, what are the criteria of true knowledge?
Descartes and Spinoza, for example, proposed clear and distinct apprehension as the criterion of truth. Clarity was what was perceptible by the observing reason. Only that which could be clearly apprehended and gave rise to no doubts could be considered true. Descartes' examples of such truths were mathematical statements such as "a square has four sides". Such truths have a distinctness that rules out all doubts. They are the result of the "natural light of reason". Just as light reveals both itself and the surrounding darkness, so is truth the measure of itself and of falsity. Leibnitz defined the truth of an idea as its clarity based on the clarity of all its elements. This view of the criteria of truth was historically progressive. It gave precedence to the power of human reason. But it did not take into consideration the fact that clarity itself also requires criteria. The mere fact of obviousness does not guarantee truth. History has severely judged many clear and obvious "truths". What was quite clear to science yesterday, today becomes incomprehensible. What, it once seemed, could be more clear and obvious than the immobility of the earth? And many regarded this as an obvious truth and believed in it fanatically.

The Conventionalists saw the foundation of truth in any fact that had been conventionally agreed upon between groups of scientists, capable of judging what should be considered true or false. Other thinkers advanced the principle of universal significance: what corresponded to the opinion of the majority was true. But long before this Democritus had said that questions of truth could not be decided by a majority vote. History abounds in cases where only one person was in possession of true knowledge in a certain field while all the rest were mistaken. We have only to recall Copernicus and his discovery, which no one else was prepared to believe.
The pragmatists maintain that truth is anything that justifies itself in practice, that helps to achieve the required aim. True ideas are those that "work", that are useful.

The fundamental principle of scientific thinking lies in the following: a proposition is true if one can prove that it applies in certain specific conditions, or if there is an acknowledged precedent for its having been so applied. This principle may be termed the principle of "realisability". Through the realisation of an idea in practical action knowledge is measured against, compared with, its object and reveals the actual degree of its objectivity, the truth of its content. The veracity of a principle can be proved only by its successful practical application. Any proposition which is directly or indirectly confirmed in practice, or which may be effectively realised in practice, is correct. If a person compares his concept of things with other concepts that have been practically tested, he thereby indirectly, through this correct image, compares his own concept with the object itself. Correspondence between a concept and its object is fully proved only when one can find, reproduce or create such an object, corresponding to the concept that one has formed. The truth of a theory is the necessary guarantee of its realisability. For example, the practice of launching artificial earth satellites confirmed the correctness of the theoretical propositions and calculations on the basis of which these satellites were built.

The criterion of practice cannot fully confirm or refute any notion completely. It is flexible enough to guard us against treating knowledge as an ossified truth that needs no development. At the same time it is sound enough to allow us to argue successfully against the varieties of agnosticism.

"The atom is indivisible." Is this true or false? For many centuries it was considered true and practice sanctioned it. In those days the atom was indeed indivisible, just as today it is practically divisible and elementary particles are as yet indivisible. Such is the level of contemporary practice. Practice is a "cunning" creature. It not only confirms truth and exposes error, it also keeps quiet about what is beyond its frame of reference.

Practice has many different facets and various levels of development, beginning from empirical experience and ending with rigorous scientific experiment. It is one thing to consider the practice of primitive man obtaining fire by means of friction. And quite another, the practice of the medieval alchemist trying to find the philosopher's stone that would change base metals into gold. Modern space flights, physical experiments with equipment of tremendous resolving power, computer calculations and heart surgery, the liberation movements of peoples, these are also practice.

Some theoretical propositions may be directly confirmed and put into practice (for example, the geologists' assumption that there is uranium ore in a certain place at a certain depth). Others have to be practically confirmed by extremely circuitous ways, involving long or short intermediate links, through other sciences, through the applied fields of know ledge, through the revolutionary action of the masses, whose effect may show only years later. This is how certain mathematical ideas, the propositions of theoretical physics, biology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, history, aesthetic theory, and so on, take effect. Everything that is truly scientific must inevitably, directly or indirectly, sooner or later, be realised in 


     By Alexander Spirkin